Education Page

The "D" of CEPID

Submitted by redoxoma on Wed, 05/15/2019 - 18:58

Education Page by Carmen Fernandez
Corresponding author e-mail: carmecarmeqn@hotmail.com@iq.usp.br

The most important attribute of the special program CEPID [1] (Centros de Pesquisa, Inovação e Difusão, or RIDC, Research, Innovation, and Dissemination Centers) is the multiplicity of its missions. Thus, in addition to the primary mission of developing research on specific themes, CEPID´s are characterized by the development of effective mechanisms of Technology Transfer and Education and Knowledge Diffusion. In this article, we focus on the mission of Education and Diffusion of Knowledge of Redoxoma [2], translated by D from CEPID. A careful reading of Fapesp's 2011 initial public announcement [3] reveals that what is expected in D encompasses quite diverse actions such as:

[...] centers must maintain diffusion activities and contribute to the improvement of science education; [...] they should contribute to the scientific education of children and young people, in the activity of scientific diffusion, be it interacting with schools or interacting directly with the general public; [...] in addition to performing extension activities in the area of basic education, such as scientific initiation for students and teachers of high school, teacher training and courses of scientific diffusion.

Difficult to translate all this into a simple D. In fact, what is intended are educational actions, both in the contact with students of basic education and with the general public, promotion of professional development of teachers in addition to actions to raise public understanding of science. Apart from the question of covering several actions in D, it is worth taking advantage of this space to address the issues of ambiguities that usually appear with the terms Diffusion / Dissemination. And in the sequence we will deal with the D actions of Redoxoma. Difusão incorporates Divulgação científica, Disseminação científica and Jornalismo científico itself

The D in the English version of the Fapesp website [1] is treated as Dissemination and in the Portuguese version it is translated as Difusão (Diffusion). Beyond the different words for the English terms - diffusion, dissemination, public awareness of Science (PAwS), public understanding of science (PUS), or more recently, Public Engagement with Science and Technology (PEST), among others, there are also ambiguities of the terms in the Portuguese language - the terms Difusão, Disseminação and Divulgação are often used as synonyms. So it is worth treating these differences of the terms in Portuguese, although this text is written in English. In an attempt to make it clearer we will use the Portuguese terms in italics to avoid generating more misunderstandings.

According to Bueno [4] Difusão is the broader term and refers to any and all processes or resources used for communicating scientific information. Thus, Difusão incorporates Divulgação científica, Disseminação científica and Jornalismo científico itself (Figure 1). What changes is the target audience and therefore the level of language used. If the Difusão is made for experts, it is called Disseminação científica and occurs with specific technical terms of a given area (for example it is what occurs in conferences and scientific articles), if it is made for the general public it is called Divulgação científica (communicating science to public understanding). The latter presupposes a recoding of the specialized language of the experts into a language comprehensible to a non-specialist audience [5], for instance, videos, texts, explanatory health campaigns, textbooks, documentaries, etc. Also, there is the term Jornalismo científico (Science journalism) that is used when the article dealing with science is written by a journalist.

Figure 1. Differences between the terms Difusão, Divulgação, Disseminação Científica and Jornalismo Científico.

Thus, in D of CEPID several activities are being included as the Disseminação científica (represented by the articles and lectures of scientists for public experts and also, this newsletter [6] that is another channel for the dissemination of Redoxoma researches), Divulgação científica (to students and non-specialized audiences), and Jornalismo científico (from articles produced for the Redoxoma website) as well as several other actions related to basic education and teacher training activities. And in this range of activities under the letter D from our CEPID Redoxoma, are also included activities of educational research that feedback our Divulgação actions.

Now we will focus specifically on the D actions of Redoxoma. It is noteworthy that the research of CEPID Redoxoma focuses on the redox mechanisms involved in cellular homeostasis and pathologies, with emphasis on chronic-degenerative diseases, such as cardiovascular, metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Thinking about the Difusão actions students have problems in associating the concept of oxireduction reactions with the context of the day to day and the contact with the basic education and the training of teachers, the chemical content that connects all of this is oxidation reactions or more generally speaking, redox processes.

In this sense, the approach of our group is to connect all these activities - educational research, teacher training, and Difusão Científica. It starts from educational research to investigate the difficulties with understanding the redox subject at all levels in order to adopt the best strategies, resources, and language, and we arrive at the development of proposals that take into account the difficulties with this subject. The activities developed are a backdrop for further educational research to be carried out.

Speaking briefly of the difficulties with this subject, students have problems in associating the concept of oxireduction reactions with the context of the day to day, in spite of the importance of the redox processes and their daily applications. On the other hand, some teachers find the subject difficult to teach, and because of this, they feel that lesson plans are difficult to prepare. In chemistry teaching in general and in teaching redox processes in particular, students have many difficulties in traffic that scientists easily make between the macroscopic (the phenomenon), submicroscopic (particles and their arrangement) and symbolic levels (formulas, chemical equations, signal charges, etc.), see figure 2. In addition, there are problems with the coexistence of several explanatory models, with the understanding of the simultaneity of oxidation and reduction reactions, with a confusion between the language used in physics for electrical circuits and that of chemistry when dealing with cells and batteries, among many others.

Figure 2. Johnstone's model of the three levels of Chemical Knowledge [7].

Our group has developed several analyzes with the teaching of redox processes and brought this knowledge to Divulgação actions, production of didactic resources, courses for teachers and content for the media. Some of the group actions will be mentioned here. We analyzed the difficulties with the school redox content in the Brazilian context and analyzed textbooks approved by the federal government and used in all basic education (from the first to the ninth year of elementary school and in the three years of high school). Subjects such as cellular respiration, photosynthesis, cells and batteries, rust and combustion already appear in the first years of the elementary school in a more contextualized and phenomenological way and are increasingly being formalized and translated into a submicroscopic and symbolic level in High School. The visual representations in the books were a specific theme of analysis and what is observed is an excessive valuation in the books of representations at the macro level (mainly pictures) and in much smaller quantity appear the representations at the submicroscopic and symbolic level (Figure 3). And still in smaller numbers appear representations in which the three different levels of the chemistry are contemplated. There are no explanations on how to move between these different levels and this is a task that is left to the teacher. It turns out that we have also analyzed teacher's classes in this aspect and what we observe is that the teacher transits between these levels as if it were obvious to his students. In the textbooks are perceived representations and texts that end up emphasizing still more the difficulties of the students. The group has also produced didactic resources that take into account the difficulties pointed out. Thus, simulators, videos, and games were produced and made available on the Labiq [8] website. The group also developed and offered several courses for teachers that showed this repertoire of difficulties, textbooks, and student resources.

Figure 3. Examples of textbook representations at (A) Macroscopic level, (B) Submicroscopic level, (C) Macroscopic and Symbolic level.
Santos, W. L. and Mól, G. S. (2013). Química Cidadã (2ed. Vol.3). São Paulo: AJS Ltda. Reproduced by permission of AJS Ltda, São Paulo, São Paulo.

In terms of Divulgação, Redoxoma has regularly participated in lecture programs in public places intended for general audiences. Examples are: Pint of Science [9] (presentations of scientists in bars), Chemistry is life (lectures by scientists at the Mário de Andrade Library [10]), Chemistry Week [11] at IQ-USP, 24 hours of Science [12], USP Science and Technology Week [13], National Science and Technology Week [14], among others. An exhibition was produced for the São Paulo subway on Aging and was developed a site named Free and Radicals [2,15] with explanatory material. Content was also produced for the media (Jornalismo científico) where research activities related to technology transfer and education and Divulgação científica are made available to the public through articles published on the Redoxoma´s website [2], shared on the Facebook page [16] and distributed as a press release for Fapesp Agency [17] and the Journal of USP [18]. This material generated new reports and videos, expanding the Divulgação of Redoxoma.

In terms of training of people for the Chemical Education area, six masters dissertations and nine doctoral theses were defended in the group since the project start (2012) and three master's degrees and nine doctorates are in progress. Lists of these surveys and publications are presented on the Redoxoma website in the annual report tab [19], Labiq [8] and PEQuim (Pesquisa em Ensino de Química, Research in Chemistry Teaching) group’s page [20].

References

FAPESP. Centros de Pesquisa, Inovação e Difusão (Homepage) | url: http://cepid.fapesp.br/home/
CEPID Redoxoma. Centro de Pesquisa em Processos Redox em Biomedicina (Homepage) | url: http://redoxoma.iq.usp.br/
FAPESP. Edital CEPID 2011 | url: http://www.fapesp.br/6335
W. da C. Bueno. Jornalismos científico: coneceitos e funções Ciência e Cultura, 9(37): 1420-1428, 1985. | url: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script
J. M. M. Loureiro. Museu de ciência, divulgação científica e hegemonia Ciência da Informação, 32(1): 88–95, 2003. | doi: 10.1590/s0100-19652003000100009
CEPID Redoxoma. Redoxoma Newsletter (Homepage) | url: http://redoxomanewsletter.iq.usp.br/
A. H. Johnstone. Why is science difficult to learn? Things are seldom what they seem Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 7(2): 75–83, 1991. | doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2729.1991.tb00230.x
LABIQ. Laboratório Integrado de Química e Bioquímica (Homepage) | url: http://labiq.iq.usp.br/
Pint of Science. Pint of Science Brasil (Homepage) | url: https://pintofscience.com.br/
Prefeitura de SP. Biblioteca Mário de Andrade (Homepage) | url: https://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/cultura/bma/
Instituto de Química - USP. Semana da Química (Homepage) | url: http://www.iq.usp.br/semanadaquimica/
USP. Virada Científica (Homepage) | url: https://www5.usp.br/tag/virada-cientifica/
PRCEU-USP. Semana USP de Ciência e Tecnologia 2018 (Homepage) | url: http://prceu.usp.br/noticia/ciencia-e-tecnologia-na-usp-2018/
MCTIC. Semana Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia 2019 (Homepage) | url: http://snct.mctic.gov.br/portal
CEPID Redoxoma. Livres e Radicais: Química, vida, saúde e radicais livres (Homepage) | url: http://livresradicais.iq.usp.br/
CEPID Redoxoma. Centro de Pesquisa em Processos Redox em Biomedicina (Canal do Facebook) | url: https://www.facebook.com/redoxoma/
FAPESP. Agência Fapesp (Homepage) | url: http://agencia.fapesp.br/inicial/
USP. Jornal da USP (Homepage) | url: https://jornal.usp.br/
CEPID Redoxoma. Relatório Anual de Atividades (CEPID Redoxoma), | url: http://redoxoma.iq.usp.br/paginas_view.php?idPagina
C. Fernandez. PEQuim - Grupo de Pesquisa em Ensino de Química - USP (Homepage) | url: https://sites.usp.br/pequim/

Carmen Fernandez, Ph.D. Associate Professor at Department of Fundamental Chemistry,
Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil

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Education Page

Submitted by redoxoma on Sat, 10/31/2015 - 20:08

Education Page by Carmen Fernandez

During the event “II Virada Científica” promoted by University of São Paolo at October, 17th and 18th the CEPID-Redoxoma group was Involved in science diffusion activities. About 160 people visited our activities during the event. The contribution of Cepid Redoxoma occurred in promoting experiments in a dark room named “Free, radicals and light”, two lectures named The fat, the slim and healthy - a conversation about metabolism, Sex, Chemistry and Power and presenting two educational games - Electron Transport Chain and ChemCards.

Experimental activities were designed for an audience of children, youth and adults, many of them families. Four experiments were conducted: amoeba; Blue Bottle; luminol - a criminal investigation and electrolysis of water que relied on the help of undergraduate monitors in chemistry and graduate monitors in chemical education.

All these experiments except amoeba involved redox processes and were visually beautiful.

In the amoeba experiment occurs a polymerization and a gooey product is formed with solid and liquid characteristics that children and adults love to play (Figures 1 and 2).

Figure 1. Amoeba experiment (Photo: Aldo Tonso)
Figure 2. Amoeba experiment (Photo: Aldo Tonso)

In the Blue bottle experiment (Figures 3 and 4) a redox process occurs. In an alkaline medium, glucose is oxidized to glicolic acid and promotes the reduction of methylene blue (blue) a leuco-methylene (colorless). With the shaking of the bottle, however, there is greater dissolution of oxygen in the solution which oxidizes the leuco-methylene to methylene blue and so the colorless solution turn around to blue again.

Figure 3. The blue bottle experiment (Photo: Luciane Fernandes de Goes)
Figure 4. The blue bottle experiment (Photo: Luciane Fernandes de Goes)

The experiment involving luminol allowed to simulate the work of the scientific police in a criminal investigation. Luminol is a substance used for the purpose of identifying traces of blood at crime scenes, even if in trace amounts. This is due to the phenomenon of chemiluminescence which is the production of light during a chemical reaction. The luminol reacts with hydrogen peroxide and iron acts as a catalyst. In this way, when the luminol and hydrogen peroxide solution comes into contact with human blood, using the iron present in hemoglobin, there is a chemiluminescence reaction and as a result we see an intense light being produced (Figure 5).

Figure 5. The luminol experiment - a criminal investigation (Photo: Luciane Fernandes de Goes)

In the experiment of water electrolysis, it was possible to show in a simple and illustrative manner, the electrolytic decomposition of water proven by the distinct colors of indicators resulting of pH changes. It was used potassium nitrate, an universal indicator and clips connected to a source of direct current. By using an electric current, water electrolysis occurs and it is observed the formation of hydrogen and oxygen gas. The experiment was conducted in a petri dish on an overhead projector, allowing viewing by a large number of people (Figures 6, 7, 8 and 9).

Figure 6. The water electrolysis experiment (Photo: Luciane Fernandes de Goes)
Figure 7. The water electrolysis experiment (Photo: Luciane Fernandes de Goes)

Figure 8. The water electrolysis experiment (Photo: Luciane Fernandes de Goes)
Figure 9. The water electrolysis experiment (Photo: Luciane Fernandes de Goes)

During the lecture “The fat, the slim and healthy - a conversation about metabolism” Prof. Alicia Kowaltowski, from the Chemistry Institute discussed how our bodies become what we eat to what we are through metabolism. There was a discussion why the human body is metabolically and genetically programmed to accumulate "fats", making obesity a health problem growing. Also she talked about what happens to some people, with "fast metabolism" that do not get fat easily. In the lecture “Chemistry, sex and power” Prof Guilherme Marson, from the Chemistry Institute sought answers to what we see, with what we do not see in language that everyone understands.

The educational game presented on Electron Transport Chain has four sets of cards: complexes of the electron transport chain, oxidizable substrates (NAD+ and succinate) and Oxygen; ATP, effectors (inhibitors and uncoupled). The goal is to make ATP (Figures 10 and 11). Chemcards is a cards and board game of chemistry and biochemistry, to learn and have fun (Figure 12).

Figure 10. The game Electron Transport Chain (Photo: Wilson Garcia de Oliveira Neto)
Figure 11. The game Electron Transport Chain (Photo: Wilson Garcia de Oliveira Neto)
Figure 12. The game ChemCards (Photo: Guilherme Andrade Marson)

Carmen Fernandez, Ph.D Education and Knowledge Diffusion Coordinator of CEPID-Redoxoma Associate Professor at Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil

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Education page

Submitted by redoxoma on Thu, 02/05/2015 - 21:06

Education Page by Carmen Fernandez

The CEPID-Redoxoma group had significant participation during events promoted by Universidade de São Paulo (USP) at the end of 2014 – I Virada Científica; Semana Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia e 31ª Semana da Química. A folder about the project CEPID-Redoxoma was distributed to students and public in general during these events (Figure 1).

I Virada Científica was created by USP with the goal of making the world of science and technology closer to the São Paulo society. The event lasted 24 hours, starting 8am on October 11, and included workshops, experiments, shows, games, lectures, films and planetarium sessions - much of it aimed at children. Admission was free and there were no restrictions on age and background of formation.

In the CEPID stand three demonstration experiments were developed: Blue Bottle; Amoeba and luminol - a criminal investigation. The public who attended the Cepid stand was formed in essence by university professors, student groups and families. About 80 people visited the stand and attended the presentations of the experiments that relied on the help of undergraduate and graduate monitors in chemistry (Figure 2).

Semana Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (October, 8 to 11, 2014)

The event occurred in CienTec Park and the visitors were mostly 5^th to 9^th-grade students from public schools. About 300 people visited the Cepid stand and attended the presentations under assistance of undergraduate and graduate monitors in chemistry (Figure 2).

31ª Semana da Química – September, 29^th to October, 3^rd 2014

During this event, a workshop was held under the title: “The health of the atmosphere of São Paulo: Photochemical Oxidants”. We had 30 registrants among high-school and undergraduate chemistry students (Figure 3).

Figure 1. Folder about the project CEPID-Redoxoma distributed during these events.	Figure 2. Photos during the demonstration experiments at “I Virada da USP” and “Semana Nacional da Ciência e Tecnologia”
Figure 3. Photos during the wokshop “The health of the atmosphere of São Paulo: Photochemical Oxidants” at “31ª Semana da Química”.

Carmen Fernandez
PhD. Associate Professor

Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry
University of São Paulo, Brazil